Personal Statement For Drive Wild - 939 Words

Author Statement for Drive Wild I created â€Å"Drive Wild† to advertise the 2016 Ford Focus Electric. I took into consideration lighting, media type, audience, color, imagery, composition, and text in an attempt to promote potential consumers to buy the vehicle. I also kept in mind the common theme of the environment that most electric vehicle advertisements use to persuade the consumers while creating my advertisement. I created â€Å"Drive Wild† with the use of Photoshop. I knew the program would help me achieve my desired look because of the variety of functions it offers over Microsoft Word. I used Photoshop’s capabilities of photo manipulation to integrate multiple images to create my own single image in an attempt to persuade viewers to invest in a Ford Focus Electric. Making the single images seem like they belonged together within the composition proved to be challenging. However, it was necessary in order to get the look I desired. 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Poem Analysis Somewhere I Have Never Travelled

Edward Estlin Cummings born in 1894 in Cambridge Massachusetts, was at his time of death in September 1962 the second most widely read poet in America. Many of his well-known poems were written in the Modernist period. This essay looks at one of his poems ‘somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond’ written in this movement from a critical perspective, to establish whether Cummings poem really followed the poetic features that are characteristic of Modernist poetry, to what extent, and if the poem is a true example of it’s time. Cummings poem ‘somewhere i have never travelled’ was written and published in 1931. An American artist, playwright, author and poet, Cummings work was greatly influenced by the Modernist movement, his abstract paintings and lack of following classical and traditional techniques of written verse. Cummings experimented with form, syntax and spelling, and created an idiosyncratic method to his poetic expression. (Poets.org, n.d.) This break from traditions was one of the essential constants of the Modernist viewpoint; this included an unyielding reaction against deep-rooted political, social and religious views. After the catastrophic and devastating events of WW1, a central theme many poets of this time drew on was consciousness and inner-self. At the time of writing the poem America was in the Great Depression, an economic collapse, which affected the whole country. Unlike the Romantic worldview, which drew on growth, nature and progress, theShow MoreRelatedCummings And Love1429 Words   |  6 Pagesperfect minimalist piece that carries such emotion and raw, believable feelings. Cummings’ [i carry your heart with me(i carry it in] and somehwere I have never traveled,gladly beyond, along with the vast number of his other works, immediately catch the reader’s attention due to the simple and very prominent structure used within them. Unlike the traditional poem that most are used to, Cummings’ works have seemingly random punctuation marks throughout, odd placement of words in which lines overlapRead MoreThe Road Not Taken Analysis Essays5699 Words   |  23 PagesThe Road Not Taken Analysis Author: Poetry of Robert Frost | | Mountain Interval1916Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally lay Read MoreE.E. Cummings and his Life as a Poet Essay1967 Words   |  8 Pages This research paper is going to be about E.E. Cummings his life as a poet. How he wrote his poems the grammar he used in his poems. The rewards that E.E. Cummings got before his death. There is going to be three poems that are going to be a critical analyzed for the literary devices used and the type of poem in the three poems. Biography His early experiments in poetry whilst still a child were encouraged by liberal parents to whom Cummings remained close (â€Å"E.E. Cummings†). After an unsuccessfulRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 Pagescontinued their dreams, and went to college, but after a semester he dropped out. For the next two years, he was a labor worker and wrote poetry (Sullivan). New England became the inspirations to all of his works of poetry. He published his first poem â€Å"My Butterfly† in 1894 in the New York Independent. He was so ecstatic with his accomplishment that in 1895 he proposed to Elinor White, but she refused his proposal because she wanted to finish college (Robert Frost). After waiting some time on DecemberRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 PagesOrwell England Your England As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me. They do not feel any enmity against me as an individual, nor I against them. They are ‘only doing their duty’, as the saying goes. Most of them, I have no doubt, are kind-hearted lawabiding men who would never dream of committing murder in private life. On the other hand, if one of them succeeds in blowing me to pieces with a well-placed bomb, he will never sleep any the worse for it. HeRead MoreTop Ten Biggest Dams in Asia15124 Words   |  61 PagesThe Ten Biggest Dams in Asia Human’s never ending need of water dates back from the start of our existence. In the earlier days our ancestors have always been relying on the naturally occurring dams found in nature. But with the rapid increase of population, these natural dams are now very insufficient in providing enough water to supply the peoples demand for water. With a problem comes a solution, our early ancestors needed to find a more efficient way of getting and storing water for their needs

Supercapacitors Journal of Power Source

Quesstions: 1. Why should someone use supercapacitors instead of a battery in a solar car?2. Figures explaining the difference between the supercapacitors and shows why 12v supercapacitor is more suitable?3. Discussion in what can the supercapacitor affect the solar car in an advantages and disadvantages way and what results could be happening if a supercapacitor is used? Answers: Introduction With the realization of the nothing is an unlimited resource, conventional power system has been realized to be a very limited at the same time, expensive resource. So, future reliance on the alternative energy resources, like solar energy resources has been increasing. At the same time, energy conversion devices to convert the solar energy to the conventional usable energy play vital role in the power systems, especially, in the electric vehicles, like in solar cars. Rechargeable energy storage systems have become mandatory as part of the power systems with the electric or solar vehicles. Supercapacitors are used in niche applications so far, but very soon are going to replace the conventional batteries in the solar cars. This report explores the role of the supercapacitors in the solar cars, and its replacing capable features to the batteries, to increase the performance power system in these cars. Supercapacitors are described and explored for its effective application to be used in the solar cars, which are the future of the transportation. Supercapacitor Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors are electrochemical capacitors that have very high capacity of about 10,000 farads, according to Marin S. Halper, James C. Ellenbogen, Supercapacitors: A Brief Overview. These capacitors bridge the gap that exists in between the rechargeable batteries and electrolytic capacitors. Supercapacitors are preferred as because of the increased energy capacity, capability of accepting and delivering the charges faster. These are capable of tolerating increased number of cycles of charge and discharge. These capacitors are preferred as they are 10 times larger, when compared to the typical batteries. Supercapacitors are used in many applications, like in UPS systems, power generators, inverters, computer systems, automobile regenerative braking system, welders, cameras, power supplies, inverters and power conditioners, including the solar cars. Supercapacitors are made with two strong sheets of graphene with an electrolyte sandwiched in between them, according to Marin S. Halper, James C. Ellenbogen, Supercapacitors: A Brief Overview. The benefits of these capacitors are because of the larger surface area electrode as well as the thin electrolytic dielectric. This feature gives increased energy density, at the same time high power density that is the usual property of the conventional capacitors is maintained. 1. Supercapacitors vs. Battery for a solar car Solar cars have been using the batteries presently for energy storage at many cases. Solar cars need batteries to store the energy. The size of the batteries are usually sized and configured according to the power and energy requirements of the solar car, according to Mazhar in Ultracapacitor/Battery Hybrid Energy Storage System. Another requirement is the life cycle performance. There are shortcomings of batteries in all these aspects and so the supercapacitors are used instead of the batteries. The size and weight of the batteries has become a concern and so it has to be resized to the required levels. In hybrid electric vehicles, like solar car vehicles, good performance of the rechargeable energy storage systems is mandatory. At the same time the storage system must have longer lifecycle performance. Electrical characterization of the rechargeable energy storage systems are usually depend on the significant electrical parameters of the rechargeable systems. The key concepts here are the power density, which is calculated in kilo watt per kilo gram and the energy density, which is measured in Watt hour per kilo gram. The other important electrical parameters needed are the efficiency of energy, charging rate and lifetime. Solar cars have been using the conventional betteries, especially, lithium-ion batteries, according to A. Cooper in Advanced lead-acid the battery system for hybrid electric vehicles. These batteries store the energy in the electrochemical energy. So electrical carrriers are released from the chemical reactions. Ions start traveling from the anode, high-energy material towards the cathode, low energy material, through a separator. The reverse do happen while charging. So, the processes of charging and discharging are very slow, degrading the overall performance of the batteries. Over a period of time, the chemical compounds present in the battery starts degrading over time. The result will be low power density of the batteries. Another result of the same will be losing the ability of energy retention in the lifetime of the battery, as the material gets damaged. Unlike the batteries, supercapacitors use the storage mechanism that is different. Supercapacitors store the energy in the electrostatic and is stored on the surface of the material. So, there would not be any chemical reactions during its process. Because of the difference of this fundamental mechanism, the charging and discharging speed of these capacitors is very fast. The end result of the same is very high power density. The storage capability as well as the power density would not be degraded for longer period of time. Unlike the conventional batteries, supercapacitors do have charging and discharging cycles of around millions. There are many characteristic differences exist between the supercapacitors and batteries. The operating temperature range for the conventional batteries is around -20 to 50 degrees celcius, whereas for the supercapacitors it is incrased to -40 to 85 degrees centrigrade, according to Marin in Supercapacitors: A Brief Overview. Batteries need the charge time of few hours, whereas the supercapacitors have only a few minutes of time. The lifetime for charge and discharges for the battery is approximately from 500 to 1000 times, whereas for the supercapacitors is almost limitless. However, At the same time, batteries have restrictions on the charging and discharging, but the supercapacitors do not have any restriction on charging and discharging. Flow soldering is not applicable for the batteries, but applicable for the supercapacitors. Automatic mounting is not applicable for the batteries, but for applicable for the supercapacitors, especially, for the FM and FC series capacitors. When it comes to the safety risks there are more safety risks associated with the batteries rather than the supercapacitors. Batteries can be hazardous with explostion, combustion, leakage and ignition. But supercapacitors are hazardous with only gas emissions. However, it is important to operate these capacitors, within the limited conditions, like these should be operated within the normal operating voltages. When the temperature is raised beyond the standard limited levels, there will be certain consequences happening. The supercapacitor characteristics are deteriorated, especially the terms like, internal resistance and self discharge. The pressure existing inside these capacitors is also increased. When repetitive heating is occurred, can cause the premature aging of the contacts made from the metal can deteriate the terminal connections present in the supercapacitros rapidly. When the temperature exceeds the boiling point of the electrolyte liquid, which is 81.6 degrees celcius, e lectrolyte can be evaporated, decreasing the lifetime of these capacitors. Because of the above differences both the supercapacitors and batteries are used in conjunction with each other. However, the recent technologies are combining both the supercapacitors and batteries to exploit the advantages of both. Power density Vs. Energy Density of the Fuel Cells, Conventional batteries, ultracapacitors and conventional capacitors. Fig. Power Density Vs. Energy Density. ( From Wiki Commons) 2. Differences Between The Supercapacitors Supercapacitors are usually divided in three classes. These three classes are pseudocapacitors, electrochemical double-layer capacitors and hybrid capacitors, according to Arbizzani, in New trend in electrochemial supercapacitors. Each of this class of the supercapacitors has its own characteristics defined by the unique mechanism utilized to store the charge. Electrochemical double layer makes use of the non-faradaic characteristics. So, does not make use the chemical mechanism. Instead of the chemical mechanism, physical procAresses do distribute the charges on the surface, but does not have the process of make or break of the chemical bonds. Psudocapacitors make use of the faradaic characteristics, in whihch the oxidation-reduction reactions do occur and the transfer of charges is involved in between the electrolyte and electrode. and finally, the hybrid one makes use of the combination of both faradic and non-faradiac. Taxonomy of the supercapacitors The three classes of capacitors along with the sub-classes of the same, are shown in the following figure below. Fig. Taxonomy of the supercapacitors Why 12v supercapacitor is more suitable? 750 For solar car and especially electric vehicles, 12V is needed for the operation, according to Marin in Supercapacitors: A Brief Overview. So, batteries are used with the operating voltage of 12V. to replace these batteries, supercapacitors used must also be of 12V. When this operating voltage is applied, these capacitors also must be of the same rating. When the supercapacitors are mentioned for the solar car, the operating voltage is of 12V. 3. Supercapacitors In Solar Car 1500 Supercapacitors are deployed in many solar cars for the rapid accelerating requirements. The energy recovered through charging, while braking is performed. Supercapacitors are used in the solar cars because of the advantages that can be exploited from them. These capacitors use the carbon or nanotube technology, according to Arbizzani in New trends in electrochemical supercapacitors. Because of the carbon technology, they get very large surface area created at the same time, the separation distance is decreased to very small area. Supercapacitors Fig. Supercapacitors of Maxwell technologies In some of the solar cars, supercapacitors are already employed to yield better energy storage benefits. When these capacitors are used in the cars, the electric cars accelerate with the help of the supercapaciors, which decrease the need of the conventional batteries. So, the weight of the solar car can be decreased as well as the range can be extended. Advantages Solar cars do require more energy to accelerate. This is the major application and deployment of the supercapacitors. They can deliver the required amount of energy for acceleration very quickly. It makes it to be a perfect complement to the conventional high weighted and space occupying storage batteries, according to Marco Notarianni, who is a researcher in Queenslant University of Technology. The acceleration is possible, as the supercapacitors can deliver high power output in very short period of time, which gives quick acceleration rate for the solar car. Usually, at room temperature, the lifetime of the supercapacitors expected can be 10 to 15 years and sometimes even more time. Supercapacitors have the advantage of the longer lifetime, when compared to the conventional batteries used for the solar cars. it is because these do not rely on the chemical reactions. The lifetime is a factor of the evaporation rate of the electrolyte that is in the form of liquid. Various factors that influence the rate of evaporation of the electrolyte are the load, temperature, voltage and current cycle frequency. Supercapacitors give better fuel economy when compared to the batteries, up to 20%, for shorter trips, rather than the longer trips, according to Arbizzani in New trends in electrochemical supercapacitors. After the lifetime of the supercapacitors, they will not become hazardous to the environment, as these are environment friendly. These capacitors are safer compared to the batteries, so while operating them there are almost no hazardous situations arise while using in the solar cars. Unlike the usual and conventional batteries used in the solar cars, supercapacitors are of very small size and weigh much lesser than them. The supercacitors have the capability of reversibility, which is not possible with the conventional batteries. The material used for these capacitors is of low toxic materials. The cycle efficiency of these capacitors is much higher and is about 95%. When compared to the batteries, supercapacitors have extremely low internal resistance. So, this important electrical parameter yields the supercapacitor to gain with high output power, improved safety, higher efficiency and low heating levels. Apart from these basic advantages of the supercapacitors in the solar cars, there are many other potential advantages that could improve the overall performance of these capacitors to be better suitable to be used in the solar cars. Supercapactors have stable electric properties, enabling to give better performance consistently at all occasions and at all times. Another important advantage is that they have broader temperature range. So, the performance and function of these capacitors do not easily vary on the broader range of temperature. Disadvantages Supercapacitors are for sure good alternatives to the high powered and high weighted conventional batteries for many of the advantages. However, there are a few shortcomings associated also with the super capacitors.the major shortcoming of these supercapacitors is that they have very low energy density. Because of this low energy density, these capacitors can store only small amount of energy can be stored per unit weight, according to Yonghua in Assessment of Energy Capacity and Energy Losses of supercapacitors in fast charging-discharging cycles. This is the major shortcoming, when compared to the batteries, for which high amount of energy can be stored per unit weight in batteries. Another shortcoming associated with these capacitors is that the cost of them is more. It is because the materials used for manufacturing these capacitors are often high. Usually, graphene is used as the material. At present the supercapacitors in market have the energy density of about 28 Wh per kg, but the Li-ion battery has more energy density compared, i.e. 200 Wh per kg. It shows major gap in between these energy sources. However there is considerable research is happening, where the material production methods can be improved. When the research becomes successful in its objective, the gap between the energy density between the supercapacitors and batteries can be bridged. Later very soon, supercapacitors can be used as conventional energy storage systems in the solar cars. Supercapacitors do have smaller charging and discharging time, when compared to the conventional batteries used in the solar cars. When these capacitors have a few minutes of time, batteries long for several hours. Overall weight, cost and volume are the major disadvantages of them that usually mitigate the advantages of them. Results The present storage technology makes use of combined efforts of the batteries and supercapacitors to yield combined advantageous results of both. According to the Journal of Power Sources and Nanotechnology, the energy densities of the supercapacitors have demonstrated from 8 to 14 watt-hour per kg, and the power densities are increased from 250 to 450 KW per kg. the research is done in Queensland University of Technology in Australia. During the research, electrodes have used the graphene film material and current collectors used carbon nanotube films. Various research projects like tailored-pore-size electrodes, nanostructured electrodes, doping material, pseudocapacitive coating and improved electrolytes. There is a lot of research is going on to replace the batteries completely with the supercapacitors, because of their potential benefits. Conclusion The solar car rechargeable energy storage systems in terms of the batteries, which are conventionally used as well as the supercapacitors, which are known to be the best alternatives to these batteries are discussed. Both these storage systems are discussed while comparing and differentiating with each other. References 1. Marin S. Halper, James C. Ellenbogen, (2006), Supercapacitors: A Brief Overview, MTRE, MclEAN, Virginia.2. Arbizzani, C., M. Mastragostino, et al. (2001). New trends in electrochemical supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 100(1-2): 164-170.3. Amatucci, G. G., F. Badway, et al. (2001). An asymmetric hybrid nonaqueous energy storage cell Journal of the Electrochemical Society 148(8): A930-A9394. Mazhar Moshirvaziri(2012), Ultracapacitor/Battery Hybrid Energy Storage Systems, University of Toronto5. Monzer Al Sakka, Hamid Gualous, Noshin Omar and Joeri Van Mierlo, Chapter 5, Batteries and Supercapacitors for Electric Vehicles, resource from https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/534906. Cheng, J. VanMierlo, P. Van den Bossche, Ph. Lataire,(2006) Super capacitor based energy storage as peak power unit in the applications of hybrid electric vehicles, in: Proceeding of PEMD 2006, Ireland.7. Cooper, M. Kellaway, (2008), Advanced lead-acid the new battery system for hybrid electric vehicles, in : Proceeding of EET-2008 European Ele-Drive Conference, Geneva, March, 2008.8. Axsen, Burke, K. Kurani, (2008), Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): Goals and State of the Technology, May, 2008.9. Al Sakka, Gualous H., Van Mierlo J., and Culcu H.(2009) Thermal modeling and heat management of supercapacitor modules for vehicle applications. Journal of Power Sources, 194:581587, 2009.10. IEC 62576, Electric Double-Layer Capacitors for Use in Hybrid Electric Vehicles -Test Methods for Electrical Characteristics, IEC, 2008.11. Yonghua Cheng,(2010) Assessement of Energy Capacity and Energy Losses of supercapacitorsin Fast Charging-Discgarging Cycles, Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions, Volume : 25, Issue. 1, pp. 253 261, 2010.12. Rafik, H. Gualous, R. Gallay, A. Crausaz, A. Berthon (2007) Frequency, thermal and voltage supercapacitor characterization and modelling, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 165, pp. 928-934, 2007.13. Zubieta, R. Bonert, (1998) Characterization of double-layer capacitors for power electronics applications, Proc. IEEE 33rd Industrial Applications Society annual meeting, St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 1149 1154, 199814. Bavo Verbrugge, Frederik Van Mulders, Hasan Culcu, Peter Van Den Bossche, Joeri Van Mierlo, (2009) Modelling the RESS: Describing Electrical Parameters of Batteries and Electric Double-Layer Capacitors through Measurements, World Electric Vehicle Journal, Vol. 3, 2009.15. Qu, D. Y. and H. Shi (1998). Studies of activated carbons used in double-layer capacitors Journal of Power Sources 74(1): 99-107.16. Moshirvaziri, A. Moshirvaziri, C. Malherbe, and O. Trescases, (2013) Ultracapacitor/battery hybrid energy storage system integration into a 180 km range electric vehicle with real-time gps based power-mix optimization, in Twenty-Eighth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Mar. 2013 (submitted).17. Dixon, J.W., Ortuzar, M.E. Battery, Ultracapacitor, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Energy Stora ge Systems for Electric, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: State of the Art, IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology, vol. 59, no.6, (2010), 2806-281418. Martin Winter, Ralph J. Brodd,(2004), What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Inorganic Materials, Graz University of Technology19. M Jayalakshmi, K Balasubramanian(2008), Simple Capacitors to Supercapacitors - An Overview, J. Electrochem. Sci., 3 (2008) 1196 121720. Yoon, B. J., S. H. Jeong, et al. (2004). Electrical properties of electrical double layer capacitors with integrated carbon nanotube electrodes Chemical Physics Letters 388(1-3): 170-174.for Electric Vehicles21. Arbizzani, C., M. Mastragostino, et al. (1996). Polymer-based redox supercapacitors: A comparative study Electrochimica Acta 41(1): 21-26.22. Li, H. Q., L. Cheng, et al. (2005). A hybrid electrochemical supercapacitor based on a 5V Li-ion battery cathode and active carbon Electrochemical and Solid State Letters 8(9): A433-A436.23. Celzard, A., F. Collas, et al. (2002). Porous electrodes-based double-layersupercapacitors: pore structure versus series resistance Journal of Power Sources 108(1-2): 153-162.24. Zheng, J. P. (2003). The limitations of energy density of battery/double-layer capacitor asymmetric cells Journal of the Electrochemical Society 150(4): A484-A492.

Teenage Pregnancy Essays - Midwifery, Teenage Pregnancy, Pregnancy

Teenage Pregnancy Many American families display forms of dysfunctionality. In one family the father may be a workaholic and the mother an alcoholic. In another, the father maybe an alcoholic and the mother an enabling codependent who never touches a drop. Regardless of the specific affliction, children being raised within dysfunctional families are deprived of what is needed to become happy, healthy, and well-adjusted adults. One of the most pervasive effects of this deprivation is teenage pregnancy. In the case of a family where one parent, the father, is an alcoholic, the affected parent turns to alcohol as a remedy for some personal shortcoming. This parent has little to offer a young girl seeking the approval and admiration of her father. More often than not, the child is viewed as a nuisance by the parent, and the resultant irritation is hard to disguise. The child learns to either accept the irritation as the price for that parents affection, or rejects the cost and seeks the attention of the other parent. The other parent, if healthy, is carrying the weight of the alcoholic partner's disease and the tasks required to make a house a home. At best she has her hands full; at worst she is as mentally incapacitated as the father. Consequently, the young girl grows up under-nurtured, under-valued and lonely. Similar to craving carrots when the body needs vitamin A, the young woman's mind will seek the means to fulfill the void left by the dysfunctional parent.! When the deprived young woman reaches puberty, she finds a seemingly endless well of attention, often mistaken as affection, in the young boys she has grown up with. Unbeknownst to her, the young men, dealing with the onslaught of pubescent hormones, are trying to fulfill a completely different set of needs. And thus, the groundwork has been set for a teenage pregnancy. The least complex enticement for an adolescent female to become pregnant is the fantasy that the expected child will fulfill her need for love and affection. As seen on television, a baby can be as cute as a stuffed animal and as loyal to its mother as a Labrador retriever. What is not seen is that the baby is a life-long responsibility--one that a teenage mother has not expected and is completely unprepared to accept. Also the pregnancy itself can serve as a vehicle to receive the attention that was lacking in her family of origin. I remember talking to a pregnant woman in line at the grocery store. When I asked how long she had been pregnant, she replied six months and went on to state that her baby kicks almost continually. In disbelief as asked if I could feel the baby kick; she answered yes, and after 30 seconds the baby did kick. Later, in the parking lot, it occurred to me that I had handled the stomach of a complete stranger solely because she was pregnan! t. Another motivating factor is the hope that with the new child she will gain some of the praise and respect that she was denied throughout her childhood. The act of childbirth itself is a great accomplishment--an accomplishment which under normal circumstances should be honored. Many couples try for years to produce children without success. Some pregnancies require monumental efforts such artificial insemination or invitro-fertilization. In the worst cases couples are forced to adopt. Consequently, childbirth could be construed as an empowering experience by the adolescent, and that can be significant in the life of a child who has had little power. The childbirth may also be perceived by the adolescent as a passage into adulthood. In this, as in many of the teenage mother's expectations, she is quite often disappointed. It is easy to see that the outcome desired by a pregnant teenager take several forms, but the underlying motivation is to receive the love and admiration the parents would not, or could not provide. The most devastating aspect of a teenage pregnancy is that little thought is given to the responsibilities required of the mother to support her new child. Consequently the likelihood is high that the next generation will not receive what it needs to become happy and healthy individuals.

Green Surname Meaning and Origin

Green Surname Meaning and Origin GREEN Surname Meaning Origin: The Green surname can have one of many possible derivations. It was commonly used to describe someone who dwelled at, or near, the village green, or other grassy ground. Other possible origins include someone who favored the color green (from the Old English grene), or someone who was immature or inexperienced. Green may also have been used as the surname of somone who had played the part of the Green Man in May Day celebrations. Green is the 37th most popular surname in the United States and the 19th most common surname in England. Surname Origin: English Alternate Surname Spellings: GREENE Famous People with the Surname GREEN: Pat Green - American country music starEva Green - French actressNathanael Green - General in the Continental Army during the American Revolution Genealogy Resources for the Surname GREEN: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? GREEN / GREENE Surname DNA ProjectMales Greens from anywhere, including alternate spellings of Greene, MacGreen, MacGreene, McGrane, McGreen, McGreene, can join this Y-DNA project which is attempting to sort out various GREEN families. GREEN Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Green surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Green query. There is also a separate forum for the GREENE variation of the Green surname. FamilySearch - GREEN GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Green surname and its variations. GREEN Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Green surname. Cousin Connect - GREEN Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Green, and sign up for free notification when new Green queries are added. DistantCousin.com - GREEN Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Green. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

German Holidays and Customs in May

German Holidays and Customs in May The first day in the lovely month of May (Camelot) is a national holiday in Germany, Austria, and most of Europe. International Workers Day is observed in many countries around the globe on May 1. But there are other German May customs that reflect the end of winter and the arrival of warmer days. Tag der Arbeit - 1. Mai Oddly, the widespread custom of celebrating Labor Day on the first of May (am ersten Mai) was inspired by events in the United States, one of the few countries that do not observe Labor Day in May! In 1889, a congress of world socialist parties was held in Paris. The attendees, sympathizing with striking workers in Chicago in 1886, voted to support the United States labor movements demands for an 8-hour day. They selected May 1, 1890, as a day of commemoration for the Chicago strikers. In many countries around the world May 1 became an official holiday called Labor Day- but not in the U.S., where that holiday is observed on the first Monday in September. Historically the holiday has had special importance in socialist and communist countries, which is one reason it is not observed in May in America. The U.S. federal holiday was first observed in 1894. Canadians also have observed their Labor Day since September 1894. In Germany, May Day (erster Mai, May 1st) is a national holiday and an important day, partly because of Blutmai (bloody May) in 1929. That year in Berlin the ruling Social Democratic (SPD) party had banned the traditional workers demonstrations. But the KPD (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands) called for demonstrations anyway. The resulting bloodbath left 32 people dead and at least 80 seriously injured. It also left a big split between the two workers parties (KPD and SPD), which the Nazis soon used to their advantage. The National Socialists named the holiday Tag der Arbeit (Day of Labor), the name still used in Germany today. Unlike the U.S. observance, which cuts across all classes, Germanys Tag der Arbeit and most European Labor Day observances are primarily a working-class holiday. In recent years Germanys chronic high unemployment (Arbeitslosigkeit, over 5 million in 2004) also comes into focus each May. The holiday also tends to be a day of Demos that often turn into clashes between the demonstrators (more like hooligans) and the police in Berlin and other large cities. If the weather allows, nice, law-abiding people use the day for picnicking or relaxing with the family. Der Maibaum In Austria and many parts of Germany, especially in Bavaria, the tradition of raising a Maypole (Maibaum) on May 1 still serves to welcome spring- as it has since ancient times. Similar Maypole festivities also can be found in England, Finland, Sweden, and the Czech Republic. A Maypole is a tall wooden pole made from a tree trunk (pine or birch), with colorful ribbons, flowers, carved figures, and various other decorations adorning it, depending on the location. In Germany, the name Maibaum (May tree) reflects the custom of placing a small pine tree atop the Maypole, which is usually set up in a towns public square or village green. Traditional dances, music, and folk customs are often associated with the Maypole. In small towns virtually the entire population turns out for the ceremonial raising of the Maypole and the festivities that follow, with Bier und Wurst of course. In Munich, a permanent Maibaum stands at the Viktualienmarkt. Muttertag Mothers Day is not celebrated at the same time around the world, but Germans and Austrians observe Muttertag on the second Sunday in May, just as in the U.S. Learn more on our Mothers Day page. Walpurgis Walpurgis Night  (Walpurgisnacht), the night before May Day, is similar to  Halloween  in that it has to do with supernatural spirits. And like Halloween, Walpurgisnacht is of pagan origin. The bonfires seen in todays celebration reflect those pagan origins and the human desire to drive away the winter cold and welcome spring. Celebrated mainly in Sweden, Finnland, Estonia, Latvia, and Germany,  Walpurgisnacht  gets its name from Saint Walburga (or Walpurga), a woman born in what is now England in 710.  Die  Heilige  Walpurga  traveled to Germany and became a nun at the convent of Heidenheim in Wà ¼rttemberg. Following her death in 778 (or 779), she was made a saint, with May 1 as her saint day. In Germany, the  Brocken, the highest peak in the Harz Mountains, is considered the focal point of  Walpurgisnacht. Also known as the  Blocksberg, the 1142-meter peak is often shrouded in mist and clouds, lending it a mysterious atmosphere that has contributed to its legendary status as the home of witches (Hexen) and devils (Teufel). That tradition predates the mention of the witches gathering on the Brocken in Goethes: To the Brocken the witches ride... (Die Hexen  zu  dem Brocken  ziehn...) In its Christian version, the former pagan festival in May became Walpurgis, a time to drive out evil spirits- usually with loud noises. In Bavaria Walpurgisnacht is known as  Freinacht  and resembles Halloween, complete with youthful pranks.

Family Genetic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Genetic History - Essay Example Paternal grandmother First and last initials: MM Birthdate: 1941 Death date: N/A Occupation: Business lady Education: Did not want to disclose Primary language: English Health summary: Still under diabetes diagnosis. Visits her personal doctors twice a month to ensure it is under control Father First and last initials: CH Birthdate: 1963 Death date: 1999 Occupation: Clinical officer Education: Graduate Primary language: English Health summary: Diagnosed with chronic lung disease which was suspected to be cancerous and was severe because he was diabetic. Died from heart failure. Father’s siblings (write a brief summary of any significant health issues) All through his life, he was a chain smoker, this sprouted out the diabetes (he had it genetically but suppressed), complications rose which were companied by chronic lung ailments. He later died after being bedridden for two months. Maternal grandfather First and last initials: WE Birthdate: 1945 Death date: 1995 Occupation: Con tractor Education: Diploma in Civil Engineering Primary language: French Health summary: Had not been diagnosed lately before his death. Died in a gun shot be gangsters. Maternal grandmother First and last initials: HG Birthdate: 1945 Death date: N/A Occupation: House Wife Education: Did not disclose Primary language: Indian Health summary: Has eye sight problems which resulted from a diabetic attack Mother First and last initials: FR Birthdate: 1964 Death date: N/A Occupation: Sales lady Education: Graduate in Sales and marketing Primary language: Indian Health summary: Has not under gone any diagnosis in the resent years. Mother’s siblings (write a brief summary of any significant health issues) Her body’s mechanism is strong and has under gone diabetic diagnosis once. She was advised to control it using diet to avoid overworking the spleen. It was discovered during the delivery of her second born. Adult Participant First and last initials: MJ Birthdate: 1985 Death d ate: N/A Occupation: Teacher Education: Graduate Primary language: English Health summary: Delivery complications, this lead to a surgery and the physician noticed that there were traces of sugar after urinalysis which was performed to analyze the health status of the patient before the operation process. Adult participant’s siblings (write a brief summary of any significant health issues) She has had delivery complications although her life. This has led her having a maximum of three siblings as frequent operations would compromise her health. She was advised to make sure that she increases fiber intake in her diets to boost her health. Adult participant’s spouse/significant other First and last initials: GT Birthdate: 1983 Death date: N/A Occupation: Border patrol Education: Grade 6 Primary language: German Health summary: He is asthmatic, advised to take increase garlic intake and always have an inhaler around incase of an attack. Adult participant’s children (write a summary for each child, up to four children) Child #1 first and last initials: GH Birthdate: 2005 Death date: N/A Occupation: Pupil Education: Primary Primary language:

Trends in HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends in HR - Essay Example Though you have tried to support the need for HRM across border teams, I still feel that the points are insufficient. In arriving at the conclusive answer on the need for the HRM in cross border organizations, I expected you to give a lot of points and draw global examples. However, you have supported your points with the academic sources in order to bring relevancy. This is something great. Your introduction is superb. I love the fact that you have commenced your outline by clearly underlining the need for the HRM for both the large and small businesses supported with an academic sources. However, you have not been fair to the paper by just mentioning that there are many papers, books, and articles that have discussed the subject of the HRM without giving any one particular example to support your argument. The discussion of the HRM trends is something that has been exclusively touched in your outline and it actually adds more weight to your paper. Another thing that makes the paper didactic is the fact that you have drawn your recommendations on the need for the SHRM being a member of the C-Suite. However, in doing so, avoid using the word ‘must’ as this are only recommendations. I also request that you have the use of the first person in your final individual

Igor Stravinsky Essay Example for Free

Igor Stravinsky Essay Igor Stravinsky was among the most influential and versatile composers of the last century. His overwhelming commitment to music and remarkable musical career, â€Å"†¦which spanned the convulsive final years of the Imperial Russia and the social ferment of 1960s America, served to establish Stravinsky not only as the most celebrated composer of his time, but also as one of the defining forces of twentieth-century culture† (Wenborn, 1999, p. 10). Born in 1882 to the family of Fyodor Stravinsky, a famous Russian actor and opera singer, Stravinsky grew up in the atmosphere of conservatism and discipline. As his father was a member of Russian cultural elite and had close personal relationships with Turgenev, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and other talented artists of that epoch, the young Stravinsky and his siblings were surrounded with the music of the most progressive Russian composers, such as Borodin, Glinka, Mussorgsky and Dargomizhsky, since their early childhood. When he was 9, the young Stravinsky started his piano lessons followed by studying harmony, music theory and composition. However, his enthusiasm for developing a career in music was somewhat frustrated by the parents who insisted on Stravinsky’s becoming a lawyer. In 1901 he entered the University of St. Petersburg to study law. A year later, Stravinsky took an opportunity to present his compositions to Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, a leading Russian composer of those times, who lately became Stravinsky’s spiritual parent. Rimsky played an important role in musical development of Stravinsky, and till his death in 1908, he was influencing Stravinsky’s creative style. In 1907, inspired by the works of Rimsky, Stravinsky wrote First Symphony in E Flat Major which was dominated by nationalistic motifs. Along with other compositions (such as Fireworks and The Faun and the Shepherdess), the Symphony attracted the attention of Sergei Diaghilev, a Russian ballet impresario who worked for the Ballets Russes in France. On his request, Stravinsky created his first ballets: The Firebird (1910), Petroushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913). The Russian period in the career evolution of Stravinsky can be characterized by a tendency to use ritual personages, motifs and harmonic formulas of Russian folklore, blended with a lot of dissonances and irregular rhythms. Those years were very important for the formation of musical aesthetics of Stravinsky, which can be defined by vivid imagination and various semantic elements, rhythmic freedom, abundance of variations and ostinati, etc. The next, neoclassic period started in the early 1920s, when Stravinsky moved to France. Together with his wife Ekaterina and their four children, Stravinsky settled down in Nice. He continued composing and traveling with the Ballets Russes, looking for new ideas and themes for his works. In this period, Stravinsky was under the influence of French impressionism of the eighteenth century. In his masterpieces, the composer used to refer to various stylistic models: he mastered the styles of the European baroque (Oedipus Rex, 1927), the techniques of old polyphony (the Symphony of Psalms, 1930), and so on. During the 1930s, Stravinsky’s success as a composer was boosted by his increasing popularity as a brilliant pianist and conductor of his own compositions. In 1934 he became a citizen of France, and a year later he had a series of great performances in the United States crowned by a remarkable concert in the Metropolitan Opera in New York, where Stravinsky conducted his newly created ballet The Card Party. The late 1930s were darkened for Stravinsky by the loss of his wife, mother and elder daughter who died of tuberculosis one after another. In 1939 he moved to the U. S. together with his mistress Vera de Bosset, a dancer at the Ballets Russes. Stravinsky’s compositions of the 1940s (including the Symphony in Three Movements (1945), the Ebony Concerto (1946) and other works) can be characterized by a great stylistic diversity. However, his ballet Orpheus completed in 1947 marked the composer’s return to neoclassical traditions. The opera The Rakes Progress (1951), created in collaboration with W. H. Auden and C. Kallman, is considered to be the apex of Stravinsky’s neoclassical period. The libretto was based on a series of engravings of William Hogarth. Musical context of the opera is based on classic harmonies and a wide palette of tone colors, enriched with surprising rhythmic changes and dissonances. The premiere of the opera took place at the famous La Venice in Italy, and in 1997 this opera was restaged by the Metropolitan Opera. In the early 1950s, being under the influence of such artists as A.  Schoenberg and R. Craft, Stravinsky embarked on using the techniques of Serialism in his compositions. During this final period of his career, the composer was experimenting with the twelve-tone methods (dodecaphony) developed by Schoenberg, as well as working on a great number of songs, cantatas and other small chamber works and pieces of vocal music. Many important compositions of this period are dominated by biblical motifs (Canticum Sacrum (1955), A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer (1961), Abraham and Isaac (1963), etc. ) During the last decade of his life, Stravinsky continued performing and conducting his pieces in the most prestigious concert halls of the U. S. and Europe. He visited the Soviet Union and developed friendly relationships with Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev. Stravinsky was a devoted Orthodox Christian and a great father for his children. The composer died in 1971 and was buried on the cemetery of San Michele, next to the grave of his close friend, Sergei Diaghilev. For his achievements and musical innovations, in 1987 Stravinsky was granted the Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement (posthumously). Despite great stylistic contrasts, all the works of Stravinsky retain a certain distinctive identity rooted in his Russian origin and the tendency to use his trademark musical elements (such as ostinati, off-rhythms, etc. ) in the majority of his compositions. Stravinsky was a person of an inexhaustible enthusiasm and eagerness to explore new musical horizons and styles. He was a composer of a phenomenal talent and matchless creative originality, who â€Å"†¦revitalized the rhythms of European music and achieved entirely new sonorities and blends of orchestral colors† (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007, p. 46141)

Mary-Rose MacColl’s Novel, Killing Superman Essay -- Killing Superman

As a new light begins to dawn on the Vietnam War era, revealing several stories about the effects of PTSD on veterans and their children, it is time that the story about Australian Vietnam veterans and their families is told. Good Morning Ladies and Gentleman of the Film Institute, today I’m going to convince you to turn Mary-Rose MacColl’s brilliant novel, Killing Superman, into a movie. Killing Superman focuses on the story of Scott, the son of a Vietnam War Hero who died in mysterious circumstances. Killing Superman is a brilliant depiction of the life of Scott whose father deserts him and then dies after a few years without contact. Scott discovers the dead man is nothing like the father he knew and without necessary closure Scott goes on a hunt riddled with lies and mysteries to find out what really happened to his father. The main themes present in MacColl’s novel are the effects of the Vietnam War on the soldiers and their children, the much larger theme of the impact a father’s absence and a lack of communication in the family can have on a son and also the hypermasculine image created by some Australian men so that they can hide behind it. The Vietnam War veterans had the highest rate of suicide of all modern day wars. When the veterans came back many were abusive to or distant from their families which had devastating effects on their psyches. The film also shows how poor communication between parents and children can have huge consequences for the children. This is evident in how the poor communication in Scott’s family and the absence of his father result in his break down. The film also highlights the men in Australian cultures who masquerade as hypermasculine individuals to impress other people and often hide... ...ll become more and more nervous until the music is broken off by the assistants voice. This music will help to create tension and fear in the audience. However the music will feature more light heartened tones than The Dark Knight music so as to fit in with the rest of the soundtrack. This scene will create a lot of tension and demonstrates to the viewer how desperate Scott is to see his father again. This film will help to push Australia’s film industry towards a different type of film where Australian larrikinism is traded in for more stories on the silences of Australian culture. This film is also very relevant to today’s society as it highlights how the effects of the Vietnam War and a lack of communication can destroy a young boy’s life. If this novel was made into a film it would reveal another side of Australian culture and hopefully further the industry.

Macbeth Paper Noble Deterioration Essay

In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, the protagonist undergoes a profound and gradual evolution throughout the play, for the worse. Macbeth decays from a noble soldier, and a truly great man, into a corrupt king whose senseless actions result in his mental deterioration. Macbeth’s mind set is mostly stable in the early stages of the play, until he regresses him into an uneasy character, and finally devolves into such a corrupt state that his life is ended and falls to pieces even before he even meets his death. Macbeth expresses high signs of a heroic character in the early stages of the play. Captain says: For brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name),/ Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel,/ Which smoked with bloody execution,/ Like valor’s minion, carved out his passage/ Till he faced the slave;/ Which ne’er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him,/ Till he unseamed him from the nave to th’ chops,/ And fixed his head upon our battlements.† and expresses Macbeth’s high levels of nobility(I.ii.18-25). The mental state of Macbeth at this point is still very stable and displays the strength of the principal character. Macbeth’s mental stability is not only represented by his loyalty, but also by his steadiness and ability to analyze situations. He communicates his mind state to the reader by saying, â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step/ On which I must fall down or else o’erleap,/ For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires;/ Let no light see my black and deep desires./ The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be/ Which of the eye fears, when it is done, to see†(I.iv.55-60). The decisiveness and precise mindset Macbeth has is more evidence to support the fact that Macbeth changed from a stable character in the beginning of the play. Granted, he thought about how to deal with Dunkin, he still thought to himself clearly and think realistically as to his possible solutions at hand. Towards the middle of the play, Macbeth shows strong signs of mental deterioration. Macbeth displays his true signs of his deterioration through his soliloquys and is clearly shown when he says, â€Å"Is this a dagger/ that summons thee to heaven or hell†(II.i.44-77). The soliloquy exposes the decline of Macbeth’s mental state as he hallucinates the dagger telling him to kill Duncan. After Macbeth does kill Dunkin, he says, â€Å"Methought I heard a voice cry ‘Sleep no more!/ Macbeth does murder sleep’- the innocent sleep,/ Sleep that knits up the raveled sleep of care,/ The death of each days life, sore labor’s bath,/ Balm of hurt minds, great nature’s second course,/ Chief nourisher in life’s feast†(II.ii.47-52). This shows his extreme feelings of guilt, directly resulting from the murder he committed. The guilt plays an immense role in Macbeth’s decay because he cannot take his murders back at any point and causes his loss of sensibility. He speaks on the impact it leaves on him by saying, â€Å"How is ‘t with me when every noise appalls me?/ What hands are here! Ha, they pluck out mine eyes./ Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood/ Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather/ The multitudinous cease incarnadine,/ Making the green one red†(II.ii.76-81). Macbeth feels that nothing in this world can rid him of his guilt and/or anxiety. The reader can see that Macbeth has even deeper signs of guilt when Lady Macbeth says to her guests at Banquo’s Banquet, â€Å"Sit, worthy friends. My lord is often thus/ And hath been from his youth. Pray you, keep seat./ The fit is momentary; upon a thought/ He will again be well. If much you note him/ You shall offend him and extend his passion./ Feed and regard him not./ Are you a man?†(III.iv.64-70). Macbeth’s guilt has worsened his mental state so immensely, that he sees a ghost of Banquo and Lady Macbeth has to cover up for his awkward behavior in front of their guests. Due to the overwhelming amount of guilt Macbeth is feeling, his mental state takes the blunt force and drastically declines, resulting in hallucinations and abnormal behavior. By the end of the play, Macbeth is locked into and irreversible decay and ends up as an unrecognizable person in contrast to his origins. Macbeth’s final stage of decay involved his lack of emotion and loss of honorability. Malcolm exclaims, â€Å"I grant him bloody,/ Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful,/ Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin/ That has a name†(IV.iii.70-73). This blatantly reveals the kingdoms feeling towards Macbeth’s corrupted character and the man he has come to be. The mental deterioration is not only evident in his decisions, but also in his emotions. Macbeth has a serious lack of emotion by his final corrupted state and shows almost no emotion when he finds out his wife is dead, as seen by the quote, â€Å"She should have died hereafter./ There would have been time for such a word†(V.v.20-21). He lacks the passion he felt for his wife in the earlier stages of the play. The decay of Macbeth causes him to lose his followers and kinsmen as well. Malcolm makes his opinion clear by saying, â€Å"But Macbeth is./ A good and virtuous nature may recoil/ In an imperial charge. But I shall crave your pardon,† and makes it very clear that he feels Macbeth has been a good man until he changed for the worse(IV.iii.22-25). Macbeth’s final deterioration state, that proved he changed from a valiant soldier to a corrupt king throughout his mental decay, is obvious to the reader by his massive character change in an opposition to his origi nal role. It is easily seen that Macbeth goes through an extreme mental deterioration throughout the course of the play. Macbeth decays from a noble soldier, and a truly great man, into a corrupt king whose senseless actions expose his mental deterioration. In the beginning of his nobility, Macbeth is an honest and stable man, who then regresses into an uneasy and backstabbing deviant, which ultimately leaves him in such a corrupt state that his life is destroyed and set onto a track of demise for him to only be left a slain, foul, tyrant. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, by William Shakespeare. Edited by Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York, Washington Square Press: n.p., 1992. Print.

Managing Stress and Conflict in the organisation Essay

Following a traumatic incident I and three other Fire-fighters attended in February 2012 I decided to test GAL’s current support mechanisms relating to coping and dealing with stress, in specific PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder). In a very short space of time it became very apparent that GAL has no ability either within the company or by the designated external provider to deal with PTSD. At that time GAL use an external provider (AXA) as their main point of contact for any employee requiring counselling on a variety of aspects but this did not include PTSD. This was highlighted when I personally called the support hotline only to be told they could not help. Even though PTSD is quite specific I do consider it falls under workplace stress due to the very nature of our specific job role and that this form of stress would not be at the forefront if our job role was of a different nature. So after evaluation of GAL’s effectiveness to deal with workplace stress I would state that it is an area that is left wanting at that time of the original incident. Since then GAL and in specific the FS now has an option if required to contact WSFRS) to utilise their TAC team (Trauma After care). I met with the team’s leader to discuss their service and what it could offer us. We compared our current in house stress counselling service at that of WSFRS. Our service was not even close to comparable with that of WSFRS. Taking the discussions into account I arranged to meet again with the TAC team and GAL’s HR and Occupational health. The outcome of this meeting was to formalise a procedure that GAL as a whole but more so the FS can call upon when required the services of WSFRS TAC team if our own in house service provided by AXA was not capable or sufficient in dealing with a specific demand or request for counselling. The TAC team have since the meetings delivered presentations to all FS Watch’s and to other members of GAL, primarily HR, Occ Health and other customer facing departments. These presentations involved delivering what the service can or can’t do, signs and symptoms of stress and how do recognise it as an individual or as a colleague of friend. As a FS we have also set up a tracker with Occ Health to trial for 24 months to see if or how many days in the workplace are lost to stress and how that can be improved if it did become an issue. At present Occ Health do hold data relating to days lost through stress companywide but to to its very nature that data is strictly confidential so cannot be used or discussed in my evaluation of workplace stress. One statistic that was shared with me was that WSFRS had seen a 27% reduction in days lost through workplace stress following the inception of its TAC team initiative. These findings were shared with relevant departments within GAL.

Hackers Hell essays

Hackers Hell essays To deal with hackers who break through office systems through the Internet it is important for information managers to understand their enemy well. If they have sound background knowledge about hackers, they might be prepared to deal with them in a much more effective method. Hackers are very educated often mostly university or high school students who try to break through systems for which they have no authorization. They deal poorly with people, have few friends and less relationships, but at the same time are very smart. Therefore they revert to computers because they know computers will not reject them. With bulletin board communication they can form social relationships but those are behind the screen, where hackers feel shielded. (Pfleeger, pp.12-13) Hackers justify the crime of cracking through systems by stating that nobody gets hurt in this situation. Hacking can be done without having a conflict with any human. Hackers also usually work in groups, and when they do so they become more dangerous to office systems. By sharing information they manage to put together a solution that would allow them to break in a office system. The news media has labeled hackers as mere children who play pranks. (Pfleeger, p.13) Even Amy Wohl who is a noted information systems consultant states that the hacker risk is the smallest of the computer crime risks. (Ray, p. 440) Amy Wohls statement is incorrect because due to the hacking of automated office systems millions of dollars in damages have occurred. According to the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) the increase attacks by hackers through the Internet has jumped to 323% since 1992. Total losses to the U.S. industry are approximately $2 billion per month. Thus it is very essential for information managers to know about the different problems hackers can create for automated office systems through the Internet. (Anthes Hack Attack., p.81) On...

Major General Henry Knox in the American Revolution

Major General Henry Knox in the American Revolution A key figure in the American Revolution, Henry Knox was born in Boston on July 25, 1750. He was the seventh child  of  William and Mary Knox, who had 10 children in total. When Henry was only 9 years old, his merchant captain father passed away after experiencing financial ruin. After only three years at the Boston Latin School, where Henry studied a mix of languages, history, and mathematics, the young Knox was forced to leave in order to support his mother and younger siblings. Fast Facts: Henry Knox Known For: Knox helped lead the Continental Army during the American Revolution and later served as the U.S. Secretary of War.Born: July 25, 1750 in Boston, British AmericaParents: William and Mary KnoxDied: October 25, 1806 in Thomaston, MassachusettsEducation: Boston Latin SchoolSpouse: Lucy Flucker (m. 1774–1806)Children: 13 Early Life Knox apprenticed himself to a local bookbinder named Nicholas Bowes, who helped Knox learn the trade and encouraged his reading. Bowes permitted Knox to liberally borrow from the stores inventory, and in this manner Knox became proficient in French and effectively completed his education on his own. He remained an avid reader, eventually opening his own shop, the London Book Store, at the age of 21. Knox was especially fascinated by military topics, including artillery, and he read widely on the subject. March 5th, 1770: British soldiers open fire on a crowd of Bostonians, killing five people, in what became known as the Boston massacre. Hulton Archive  / Stringer/  Getty Images The Revolution Nears A supporter of American colonial rights, Knox became involved in the Sons of Liberty and was present at the Boston Massacre in 1770. He later swore in an  affidavit that he had attempted to calm tensions that night by requesting that the British soldiers return to their quarters. Knox also testified at the trials of those involved in the incident. Two years later, he put his military studies to use by founding a militia unit called the Boston Grenadier Corps. Though he knew much about weaponry, Knox accidentally shot two fingers from his left hand while handling a shotgun in 1773. Marriage On June 16, 1774, Knox married Lucy Flucker, the daughter of the Royal Secretary of the Province of Massachusetts. The marriage was opposed by her parents, who disapproved of Knoxs revolutionary politics and attempted to entice him into joining the British Army. Knox remained a staunch patriot. Following the outbreak of the American Revolution,  he volunteered to serve with colonial forces and participated in the  Battle of Bunker Hill  on June 17, 1775. His in-laws  fled the city after it fell to American forces in 1776. Fort Ticonderoga, New York.   Purestock/Getty Images Guns of Ticonderoga Knox served with Massachusetts forces in the states Army of Observation during the opening days of the Siege of Boston. He soon came to the attention of army commander General George Washington, who was  inspecting fortifications designed by Knox near Roxbury. Washington was impressed, and the two men developed a friendly relationship. As the army desperately needed artillery, the commanding general consulted Knox for advice in November 1775. Knox proposed a plan to transport the cannon captured at Fort Ticonderoga  in New York to the siege lines around Boston. Washington was on board with the plan. After making Knox a colonel in the Continental Army, the general immediately sent him north, as winter was rapidly approaching. At Ticonderoga, Knox initially had difficulty acquiring sufficient men in the lightly populated Berkshire Mountains.  He finally assembled what he dubbed the noble train of artillery. Knox began moving 59 guns and mortars down Lake George and the Hudson River to Albany. It was a difficult trek, and several guns fell through the ice and had to be recovered. In Albany, the guns were transferred to ox-drawn sleds and pulled across Massachusetts. The 300-mile journey took Knox and his men 56 days to complete in the bitter winter weather. In Boston, Washington ordered the guns to be placed atop Dorchester Heights, overlooking the city and harbor. Rather than face bombardment, the British forces, led by General Sir William Howe, evacuated the city on March 17, 1776. New York and Philadelphia Campaigns Following the victory at Boston, Knox was sent to oversee the construction of fortifications in  Rhode Island and Connecticut. When he returned to the Continental Army, he became Washingtons chief of artillery. After the American defeats in New York that fall, Knox retreated across New Jersey with the remaining troops. As Washington devised his daring Christmas attack on Trenton, Knox was given the key role of overseeing the armys crossing of the Delaware River. With the assistance of Colonel John Glover, Knox succeeded in moving the attack force across the river in a timely fashion. He also directed the American withdrawal on December 26. For his service at Trenton, Knox was promoted to brigadier general. In early January, he saw further action at Assunpink Creek and Princeton before the army moved to winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. Taking advantage of this break from campaigning, Knox returned to Massachusetts with the goal of improving weapons production. He traveled to Springfield and established the Springfield Armory, which operated for the rest of the war and became a key producer of American weapons for almost two centuries. After he rejoined the army, Knox took part in the American defeats at Brandywine (September 11, 1777) and Germantown (October 4, 1777). At the latter, he made the ill-fated suggestion to Washington that they should capture the British-occupied home of Germantown resident Benjamin Chew, rather than bypass it. The delay gave the British badly needed time to re-establish their lines, and this contributed to the American loss. Valley Forge to Yorktown During the winter at Valley Forge, Knox helped secure needed supplies and assisted Baron von Steuben in drilling the troops. Later, the army pursued the British, who were evacuating Philadelphia, and fought them at the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778. In the wake of the fighting, the army moved north to take up positions around New York. Over the next two years, Knox was sent north to help obtain supplies for the army and, in 1780, served on the court-martial of British spy Major John Andre. In late 1781, Washington withdrew the majority of the army from New York to attack General Lord Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. Knoxs guns played a key role in the siege that ensued. Following the victory, Knox was promoted to major general and assigned to command American forces at West Point. During this time, he formed the Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal organization consisting of officers who had served in the war. At the wars conclusion in 1783, Knox led his troops into New York City to take possession from the departing British. Later Life On December 23, 1783, following Washingtons resignation, Knox became the senior officer of the Continental Army. He remained so until retiring in June 1784. Knoxs retirement proved short-lived, however, as he was soon appointed Secretary of War by the Continental Congress on March 8, 1785. A staunch supporter of the new Constitution, Knox  remained in his post until becoming Secretary of War as part of George Washingtons first cabinet in 1789. As secretary, he oversaw the creation of a permanent navy, a national militia, and coastal fortifications. Knox served as Secretary of War until January 2, 1795, when he resigned to care for his family and business interests. He died on October 25, 1806, of peritonitis, three days after accidentally swallowing a chicken bone.

The Lived Experience of Older Hispanic Women with Chronic Arthritic Research Proposal

The Lived Experience of Older Hispanic Women with Chronic Arthritic Pain - Research Proposal Example The various factors that influence the effectiveness of the treatment or prevention need to be identified and evaluated for providing better care and mechanisms of pain management and preventive measures. The study would look at the lived experience of older Hispanic women with chronic arthritis and help identify the various aspects of health disparity, disability and pain due to chronic arthritis in older Hispanic women who are 65 years and above. 2a. Statement of the problem In the target demographic segment of 65 years and above age group, chronic diseases are quite common. Christ and Diwan (2009) assert that from 2010, when the baby boomers start turning 65 years and above, there would be significant rise in the aged population. CDC (2007) reports that ethnic minority and Hispanic older population would be nearly 39% of 65 and over population by 2050! Hispanic American would increase by 18%. The racial diversity of older population becomes important ingredient of healthcare deliv erables because of the increasing health disparity. It further informs that 54% of women are afflicted with arthritis. With relatively large percentage of population constituting of Hispanic Americans, women, in particular, are more prone to arthritis and other chronic diseases. 2b. Purpose of the study The basic purpose of the study would be to study the lived experience of older Hispanic women with chronic arthritis and find out various aspects of the illness that impact quality of life in the target segment. It would help to address the issue from the wider perspective of socio-economic and cultural paradigm that would help evolve new mechanisms for improving their life. 2c. Significance of the study The study would help the authorities and healthcare industries to address the various external factors that impact the effectiveness of the arthritis treatment in older Hispanic women. It would go a long way in easing the pain of the chronic illness in aged Hispanic women who have be en living with the constant pain and disability caused due to chronic arthritis. 3a. Research question Q1 To what extent ethnicity or culture influence the treatment experience? Q2 Why women are more vulnerable to chronic arthritis than men? Q3 What are the external environmental factors that impact the lived experience of older Hispanic women? Q4 How pain is perceived in chronic diseases across cultures? Q5 Should geriatric care be redefined vis-a-vis pain perception across culture? 3b. Hypothesis Arthritis, especially rheumatoid arthritis is associated with chronically painful syndrome of aching and burning pain of the joints (Merskey and Bogduck, 1994). Constant pain and difficulty in carrying out daily work are the major consequences of arthritis (Melanson and Downe-Wambolt, 2003). The disability becomes a crucial factor that not only impacts the physical condition of the women but also influences her mental and cognitive abilities to live normal life. The socio-economic conditi ons of the people can aggravate or delay the chances of age related diseases, especially arthritis. Indeed, environmental factors like poverty, cultural paradigms, racial health disparity etc. are significant factors that have adverse effect on the health. It is therefore assumed that by identifying the factors that influence its treatment, women

The state removing children from their parents and taking them into Essay

The state removing children from their parents and taking them into protective custody - Essay Example For some parents, drugs are more important than their kids. Such people may make their children use these drugs (compelling children to use drugs). Children are nuisances for another group of parents. All these results in severe child abuse issues. There were cases when children had to undergo heavy physical tortures also. When parents get divorced, children have to stay with one of the parents or with relatives or other caretakers. They may have to undergo physical and mental abuse and even big assaults also. Such children will be deprived of parent’s love and care and will lose a good family environment. Relatives and caretakers will be least bothered about their welfare and will torture them to maximum. These abused and neglected children will suffer from various mental and physical problems that can lead them to wrong paths. Some children are exposed to drugs in their childhood itself since they their parents use drugs. Children, who are brought up in families where there are frequent fights, will naturally have fighting mood or other bad characteristics. Also if parents are having criminal background and other unlawful practices, children who are brought up in that environment also will have criminal characters and behaviors. Children are abused in different ways and are made deprived of all their childhood happiness and privileges. They are troubled and exploited and are subjected to mental and physical exploitations. There were incidents in which children were beaten, burnt and killed even. In a particular case, a petition was filed in Waukesha County Juvenile Court in order to keep 3 girl children in protective custody as their drug-addicted father troubled them making them accompany him during a crack cocaine binge. In another incident in 2004, a 9-month-old boy died accidentally and later doctor’s testified that the child’s injuries were

The History of Projective Geometry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The History of Projective Geometry - Essay Example In the everyday life, one often does come across varied aspects of projective geometry. For example a motion picture being displayed on a screen is an example of projection. The shadows brought into existence by opaque objects are one other example of projective geometry. Projective geometry evolved and developed into a formal constituent of mathematical studies over a long period of time. History The history of projective geometry is an apt example of the confluence and collaboration between science and art. Projective geometry, to begin with had its origins in the studies in optics carried on by the Arab mathematicians like Alhazen (Boyer et al., 143). During the Renaissance, when the Western Europe developed a more look outside approach to varied aspects of life including mathematics and art, the discoveries and studies of Arab mathematicians that had by that time reached Europe through trade routes greatly influenced the Western world (Boyer et al., 145). The one big flaw in the Western art that had been created till now was that it was more or less flat in its presentation and style. However, soon, several early Renaissance artists after being influenced and inspired by the essentially Arab studies in optics, started to develop techniques of visual depiction that endowed their works of art with a three dimensional depth and perspective (Encyclopedia Britannica: Online) . The creations of Renaissance art had a significant impact on the contemporary and future mathematicians. The projective geometry evinced nascent reverberations in the architectural drawings of Leon Battista (1404-1472) and Filippo Brunelledchi (1377-1446). In fact, it was these two individuals who laid down the foundation of the method of perspective drawing (Encyclopedia Britannica: Online). The primary approach of this method was to connect the eyes of the painter to various points on a landscape with the help of seemingly straight lines. The original drawing was created on the basis of tracing the intersection of these lines on a vertical plane. Obviously, this approach towards drawing was named projective geometry as it intended to project a real plane on a picture plain (Encyclopedia Britannica: Online). Further, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and Gerard Desargues (1591-1661) further expanded the scope and possibility of projective geometry by developing the concept of ‘point of infinity’ (Boyer et al., 221). In that context, it would not be wrong to say that the works and studies of Gaspard Monge at some time during the end of the 18th century played a central and pivotal role in the future development and study of projective geometry (Boyer et al., 221). Still it was Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788-1867) who is attributed to be the father of modern projective geometry (.Encyclopedia Britannica: Online) Jean-Victor Poncelet was a renowned French engineer and mathematician who are credited with the honor of systematically and formally reviving projective ge ometry in the 19th century. Some mathematicians go even as far ahead to claim that his work Traite des  proprietes projectives des figures was actually the first credible, authentic and well researched work on projective geometry after what was published by Gerard Desargues in the 17th century (.Encyclopedia Britannica: Online )To begin with it were the French mathematicians Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) and

Implementing Change Report Essay Example for Free

Implementing Change Report Essay This report will help Kudlers Fine Foods in upgrading the application of a modification within the organizations sales division. The report consist of five stages in implementing change that include, Stage one managing and evaluating the change procedures, study the measurement and observation devices, and which methods to use. Stage two- monitoring the modification process for control over the modification procedures for expected possibilities for changes within the organization. Stage three recognizing at risk divisions of the modification procedure open to modification resistors including the reasons for methods that will overcome the resistors the organization needs change. Stage four explanation and advantages of the methods used in the organizations practices of improving the modification. Stage five discussions on how the methods used in the modification can affect the organizations practices. CHANGES TO IMPLEMENT Kudlers Fine Foods sales division actions relating to the sale of wine, sale of exceptional food items, and customers registering for the Kudlers wine appreciation courses are unsatisfactory. A potential modification is under consideration that will offer extra training to the current sales reps in the sales department. Additional training will inform sales employees of the issues the department is issues facing on item considered exception to the organization. The training is mandatory and every employee in the sales division must attend. In addition to training, it is important for management to implement a bonus pay structure. This will help to motivate employees to do his or her best in ensuring the sales in wine and exceptional food items increase and influence consumers register for Kudlers Fine Foods wine appreciation courses. The Kudlers Fine Foods organization believes in receiving precise modifications appealing, effective, and beneficial to the company as well as its employees. Approving and submitting an application for a modification successfully will lead the organization to a higher level profit, success, and effectiveness. The administration of Kudlers Fine Foods will use the modification control method that will help management interact a shared mission with Kudlers employees (Leban Stone, 2008). The modification control method will also inform employees on why the organization is in need of a modification and how the modification is beneficial to employees and the companys performance (Leban Stone, 2008). Managements at Kudlers main focus are properly to apply the modification to employees as well as companies stakeholders implicated in modification. MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE CHANGE PROCESS Constant supervision is important in the processes of an organizations modification application. Because of the problems in Kudlers sales division it is important for administration continuously to supervision production in every division carefully. Management must use measurements and observation devices Management should employ the use of measurement and methods of observation  and devices to obtain excellent results in which sales indications supply the current measurements of the sales performance and the retail increase. The three measurement and observation devices include The implementation of pulse conference status meetings in which management can obtain information on the status of the modification. Regular, face-to-face, and brief conference status meetings are important because it will show management the current performance of the modification and division is at risk for problems in performance (Project Management Guru, 2012). Obtaining the current status and outlining a forecast a specific period for the modification project. This assist management in assessing if the modifications projected schedule is running as planned. The modifications projected schedule variance assist management in forecasting (The Times 100, 1995-2013). The modification control record that reports the changes within duration of the application procedure. In regard to the future the modification control record will helps management to avoid problems that may occur in the process of the modification. The report is important because it will help management in monitoring the completion of each item (The Times 100, 1995-2013). ANTICIPATED OPPORTUNITIES There are often times when the modifications will cause operating and functioning capability of the organization possibilities. These possibilities may improve how the sales divisions is operating and functioning, encourage an expansion off the division, and help the organization in advising the company evaluate other divisions within the organization. Evaluating other divisions within the organization can help the organization in identifying needed in other areas in the organization. This will provide Kudlers Fine Foods the opportunity in experiencing the processes of change and how change can benefit the organization. These opportunities also can help the organization in developing a strategy that  helps the organization modify plans and processes that have failed. PARTS PRONE TO CHANGE RESISTERS Some employees often oppose change. These individuals fear changes and what a modification within the organization may do to his or her current duties. Employees may also resist change because he or she does not understand the purpose of a modification. Some employees resist change because he or she is comfortable in the way he or she has performed his or her task in the past. Acknowledging why employees oppose changes made in the organization helps the organization develop a plan that will help overcome reason he or she is opposing the purpose of the modification. Knowing that the change will benefit everyone working within the division with help inspire employees. The fewer employees resist change makes it easier for management to successful meet the goal of increasing profit and registering more clients into the wine appreciation courses. Management should ensure the he or she interacts with employees resisting the modification. Discussing issues with the employees and meeting with each employee face-to-face will help management explain how the change is beneficial to the employee and the organization. USING THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE An organizations values, activities, and beliefs are important aspects that constitute an organizations tradition. At Kudlers employees share the same kind of values, this makes the work environment a pleasant and comfortable to work. When employees share the same values the less conflict, he or she has within the workforce. To ensure modification processes advance smoothly the role of Kudlers organizational tradition are essential. The companys organizational tradition helps in developing a positive attitude in the workplace. To create a positive working environment for the organizations employees Kudler managers uses several leadership styles to interacting with employees from different cultures. . Kudlers uses a detailed description of organizational structure for  determining the level of authority an individual has over other employees and determining specific duties an employee performs. Another important structure is the vertical dimension organizational structure. This organizational structure defines which employees have the authority to make decisions and which employees will supervise the request of the decisions made; whereas the horizontal dimension organizational structure consist of separates the duties and observes the level of the employees performance EFFECT ON ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE There are several factors during the modification that may affect Kudler current organizational tradition. The modification may cause Kudlers employees to resist the changes made within the organization. The change may lead to employee conflict, the decrease in job satisfaction, and motivation. Kudler management must work properly together with the employees in the modification to avoid employee from becoming unsatisfied and discouraged. Employees may become dejected and believe that his or her performance is no longer satisfying to the companys needs. This can cause the Kudlers organizational tradition to change from an encouraging, inspiring, and pleasant environment to an undesirable, adverse, and unsatisfying environment. Together these factors key to modifying Kudlers organizational tradition. CONCLUSION Kudlers must first modify the sales division by offering employees extra training regarding the sale of wine, exceptional food items, and registering customers for the Kudlers wine appreciation courses. Second the organization must implement a bonus pay structure to motivate employees in increasing sales influencing consumers to register in the organizations wine appreciation courses. Management should employ the use of measurement and methods of observation and devices to obtain excellent results in which sales indications supply the current measurements of the sales performance and the retail increase. Evaluate other divisions within the organization to help the organization in identifying needed in other areas in the organization. Evaluating other divisions will provide Kudlers Fine Foods with the opportunity of controlling change and how change can benefit the organizations future. Acknowledging employees who oppose to organizational changes to ensure the organization develop a plan in overcoming the reason resistant to the modification. This will help aware employees that the change will benefit everyone working within the division. Interacting with employee is the important aspects that will help in establishing an organizations tradition. Modifying Kudlers organizational tradition will ensure the modification procedure proceeds efficiently and develop motivation within the work environment. References: Leban, B., Stone, R. (2008), Managing organizational change (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Project Management Guru, 2009-2012, _Project Management Monitoring and Controlling Tool Techniques_, retrieved from: http://www.projectmanagementguru.com/controlling.html The Times 100, 1995-2013_, Developing the skills for managing change,_ retrieved from: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/cmi/developing-the-skills-for-managingchange/evaluating-the-management-of-change.html#axzz2TDSg7Kpo

Graves Disease Essay -- Graves disease Biology Essays

Graves' Disease The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825. However Graves' disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves' disease is also known as Parry's disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedow's disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition due to over activity of the thyroid gland). The disorder has three major manifestations: Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter Ophthalmopathy and Dermopathy The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or two never appear, and moreover, the three may run courses that are largely independent of one another. Graves' disease can occur at any age but is unusual before puberty. It most commonly affects the 30 to 50 year age group. The disease is more frequent in women, the ratio of predominance in women may be as high as 7 : 1. Genetic factors play a role. There is an association between the disease and the genes HLA ( human leucocyte antigen) B8, -DRw3, -Bw36, -Bw46. Indeed, a 50% concordance is found between identical twins. This means that if one individual in an identical pair of twins is afflicted with Graves' disease, the likelihood of the other sibling coming down with Graves' is 50%. Being an autoimmune disease, there is a clinical and immunologic overlap between Graves' disease and other diseases with prominent autoimmune features. These include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE), rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM), and Addison's disease. Thyroid hormones are important mediators of growth and differentiation. The absence of which leads to cretins in childhood. The hormones are also responsible for the regulation of the various metabolic pathways which are vital for life. They are necessary for the normal function of many organ systems. In the thyroid gland, multiple follicles make, store and release thyroid hormones into the surrounding capillaries. These little vessels then bring the hormones to the rest of the body where they are needed. "Thyroid hormones" refers mainly to two hormones T3 and T4, which are single, amino acids containing iodine. They are p... ...tient is willing to take replacement Thyroxine for life, the simplest approach may be the use of radioiodine. There are arguments for and against giving radioiodine to children and young persons who plan to have children. Previously, clinicians are unwilling to advise its use under the age of 45. This restriction is now rapidly being laxed as there is no convincing evidence that there is significant increase in the incidence of cancers occurring in adulthood secondary to its usage. Radioiodine can ensure that mothers are not taking anti- thyroid drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Therefore, an argument can be made for using this treatment method for all age groups except when pregnant or breastfeeding. Relapse of Graves' disease after medical therapy may be managed with a second course, but at this point radioiodine is preferred. During pregnancy and breastfeeding periods, PTU ( propylthiouracil) appears to be the safest drug to use. And surgery is advised in cases with the presence of concomitant suspicious nodule. Each of the 3 major treatments ( anti- thyroid drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine) has their own advantages and disadvantages compared to the others.